TED+Talks+on+memory+shared+summaries

= MEMORY AND - WHAT WE LEARNED FROM TED =

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__**Michael Kim**__ TED Talk Name: Why eyewitness get it wrong? Presenters Name: Scott Fraser Date of Talk: May 2012 Cognitive levels of Psych that are addressed: Summary: With reference to relevant research studies, to what extent is cognitive process is reliable?

According to Scott Fraser’s TED talk, "All our memories are reconstructed memories. They are the product of what we originally experienced and everything that's happened afterwards." This directly relates to what we learned in class about how memory liked to create false memories to fill in the gaps and evidences the unreliability of eye witness testimony. He explains one particular case that proves the faultiness of eye witness testimony which resulted in a man being arrested despite being innocent of all crimes and charges. So after careful reconstruction of the crime scene and actions, he found out that the man was innocent after realizing that witnesses had deliberately guessed the characteristics of the suspects due to the darkness and shadows in the area. He also uses the example of 911 about which tower collapsed first. Many people believes that the first tower collapsed and the second one went down 24 hours after but Fraser states that there is no clear and precise evidence that proves this point.

TED Talk Name: The riddle of experience vs Memory Presenters Name: Daniel Kahneman Date of Talk: February 2010 Cognitive level of Psych that are addressed: Evaluate one theory of how emotion may affect one cognitive process. With reference to relevant research studies, to what extent is cognitive process reliable.

Daniel Kahneman believes that we have 2 sides; “experiencing selves” and “remembering selves”. The first side is us living in the present and experiencing numerous experiences to create new stories while the second side is what we have experienced and stored in ourselves. This man believes that these 2 sides conflict with each other due to experiences trying to mend many details we forget. One experiment which involved a person listening to a symphony was explained to prove Kahneman’s point. The experiment was initiated by making the subject listen to a slow song and tell his feelings about it. However, after the end of the song there was a noise that caused him to just remember the experience as “dreadful.” This was because the remembering side ultimately decides on what we should remember about.

__//**Kriti Gupta-**//__ Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors
 * 1.TED Talk Name**: Feats memory anyone can do
 * Presenters Name:** Joshua Foers
 * Date of Talk**: February 2012
 * Cognitive level of Psych that are addressed:**

During Joshua Foers TED talk he talks about people who have the capacity to memorize pretty much anything in a small amount of time. Like remembering random numbers, letter and even a shuffled deck of cards in just a few minutes. Fears gives an example of people who have competed in memory competitions to see how fast one can remember. University Collage London did an experiment to see if these people have special abilities to memorize things comparing an average brain and the answer was “no” according to Foers, these people have an average brain nothing different than us. These people according to them use a very ancient of technique called the memory palace to memorize pretty much anything very fast. The main idea of the memory palace is to memorize things by connecting it to a real life situation or something meaningful. This shows how memory/cognitive processes are influenced by social factors.

Evaluate one theory of how emotion may affect one cognitive process. With reference to relevant research studies, to what extent is cognitive process reliable.
 * 2.TED Talk Name:** The riddle of experience vs Memory
 * Presenters Name:** Daniel Kahneman
 * Date of Talk:** February 2010
 * Cognitive level of Psych that are addressed:**

Daniel Kahneman in his talk explained that we have two sides “experiencing selves” and “remembering selves” in which both obtain happiness differently. The experiencing side of us is about the experience we are having right now (present), and the remembering side of us is remembering stuff that we have experienced in the past. He mentioned that it is hard to differentiate between the two because both of them are conflicting because all our experiences end up to be memories which we then can forget or remember really well depending on the significance. Our memory is sorted based on how important or less important It is.Daniel talks about a study that was done where the listener was listening to a symphony that was 20 minutes long. The listener was enjoying the music a lot until a very dreadful squeaky noise around in the end made the whole experience bad. The reason why he remembered that sound so much was because the remembering side of us decides what to remember and keep as a memory. This show how our memory can be a reliable source since we sort out our memory depending on how significant it is.

lecy -- Jamison -

Jong Hyeok Song --

[[file:Ted Talks Memory - Jun Jun Feng.pages]]
Jennifer:

Mandy -

Ji Hyun-
 * 1. TED Talk Name: Feats of Memory Anyone Can Do**

Presenters Name: Joshua Foer Date of Talk: Feb 2012

Cognitive levels of Psych that are addressed: 1. Human beings are information processors and that mental processes guide behavior 2. The mind can be studied scientifically

There are people who can quickly memorize lists of thousands of numbers, the order of all the cards in a deck, and much more. Science writer Joshua Foer informs us that these people are actually people with average memory who use a different technique to remember-called a "memory palace", and how he learned it to accidentally win the US memory championship. First of all, this talk relates to the cognitive principal that human beings are information processors and that mental processes guide behavior. This means that there is a relationship between people's mental representations and the way they perceive and think about the world. Joshua says that elaborative encoding is key in this memorizing technique, which explains that we remember better to new words, ideas or concepts when we can associate and relate to them better. Another principal referred to in this TED talk is that the mind can be studied scientifically. fMRIs were used to scan the brains of memory champions in order to indicate the difference between average people and people who used special memory techniques when memorizing numbers, pictures and faces of people. The results showed that different parts of the brain lighted up for the memory champions when memorizing; the part of the brain responsible for spatial memory and navigation. This furthermore indicates that visual, spatial memories play a big role in remembering and recalling information efficiently and in a short period of time. In conclusion, imaging our experiences and adding crazy, imaginary images to them and putting them in order makes memories significant and meaningful in comparison to remembering them word-by-word, and helps us recall our stories much better.
 * Summary**:

Presenters Name: Scott Fraser Date of Talk: May 2012 Cognitive levels of Psych that are addressed: 3. Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors
 * 2. TED Talk Name: Why eyewitnesses get it wrong**

This TED talk relies specifically on the cognitive level of psychology that our cognitive processes: perception, memory, and thinking are influenced by sociocultural factors in one's environment. Scott fraser stated that " //All our memories are reconstructed memories. They are the product of what we originally experienced and everything that's happened afterwards."// He said that our minds can fabricate false memories to fill in the gaps, which often skew our recollection of memories. He furthermore implicated the fallibility of memory in a false eyewitness testimony in a crime scene, which led to convicting an innocent man. This led him to reconstruct the crime scene and proving that the facts that the eyewitness testimonies mentioned, such as the face of the victim, were actually not visible due to the darkness and shadows in the area, which helped the innocent victim to be released after years of suffering in the jail. By this, it is possible to state that trial (and trauma)-impacting evidence may have potential flaws, and therefore shouldn't be taken at face value.
 * Summary**:

Jongchan Kim

TED Talk Name: Why eyewitnesses get it wrong Presenters Name: Scott Fraser Date of Talk: May 2012 Cognitive levels of Psych that are addressed: (do not use # - write out) With the reference to relevant research studies, to what extent is cognitive process reliable? Summary: in the talk, Scott states a very interesting point that our brain abhors vacuum. It tries to fill the missing and vacuum parts on its own. Reconstructed memory. In the talk, he shows an example of a court trial where a false memory caused faulty judgments. And how he fixed the problem with modern science. The fact that human tends to believe what he believes he knows, shows how LO “with the reference to relevant research studies, to what extent are cognitive process reliable” is important to prevent any injustice. Also, he points out how our memory is most likely to be reconstructed based on the observation happened after the actual observation of an event, which causes incorrect memory of an event.

TED Talk Name: Feats of Memory Anyone Can Do Presenters Name: Joshua Foer Date of Talk: Feb 2012 Cognitive levels of Psych that are addressed: (do not use # - write out) Evaluate schema theory with reference to research studies Summary: In the talk, Joshua poses a critical, yet strong point in memorization technique. Associations. The connections between the list of things people remember makes that memory much more vivid and certain than other forced memories. Which is all about schema theory. He also talks about how electronic devices we carry cause the limitation of our potential memorization. As we start looking at the devices without making associations between things we “memorize”, it’s meaningless chunk of words that’s instant and easily forgotten again. He again, emphasis the importance of associating memory into a meaningful story by revealing the fact that he had been using a story to remember his talk.

**Madyson Haskins-** 1-The Riddle of Experience vs. Memory Daniel Kahneman February 2010 Evaluate one theory of how emotion may affect one cognitive process. With reference to relevant research studies, to what extent is cognitive process reliable.

During Daniel Kahneman's TED talk he discusses the idea that we are made up of two selves. One which lives in the present and experiences events, and another self which maintains the stories we gain from our past. It is difficult to differentiate the two experiencing and remembering selves because they are conflicting. This is because our experiences lead up the the stories and can determine the details we forget or remember due to their significance. The significance of an experience can determine if details are lost, and this relates to schema theory of how we sort out events. One study was done based on someone listening to a symphony. He listened to twenty minutes of a show which he stated was beautiful; however, at the very end a noise was made which caused him to remember the experience as dreadful. This was because during that moment he remembered it as sounding bad which override the better part of the show. The remembering self makes the decides which memories should be used when referring to a certain type of experiences. This helps us anticipate what will occur during experiences, dragging the experiencing self along to help guide us. Both experiencing selves and remembering selves are used to determine if we are happy in our life or happy about the things that happen to us in our life. This demonstrates how our cognitive process can be used to determine how we feel. http://www.ted.com/talks/daniel_kahneman_the_riddle_of_experience_vs_memory.html

2-The quest to understand conscious Antonio Damasio December 2011 Discuss the use of technology in investigating cognitive process.

Damasio shows the reconstruction process of memories within the brain. The connections between events and cell formations, neuro maps. A conscious mind is when we do not lose control of our thoughts and we are able to regain the ideas of what is going on around us. When we are unconscious we lose segments of patterns that flow together making sense of what is going on around us therefore connections are distorted and we can no longer fully recall situations. These lost details are the key to determining if our schemas will be able to locate and identify the situations importance. He demonstrates the use of technology and how it is able to trace our brains movements and functions while certain situations occur. []


 * Saige Huiet**

TED Talk Name: How your brain tells you where you are Presenters Name: Neil Burgess Date of Talk: Filmed Nov 2011, posted Feb 2012 Cognitive levels of Psych: The mind can be studied scientifically. Human beings are information Processors. Summary: The main focus was spatial memory and how our hippocampus works to remember where things are. He talked about scientific studies with mice and humans explaining neurons, place cells and grid cells. Place cells work to remember where we we are by specific neurons firing depending on exactly where we are in relation to boundaries. Place cells constantly fire in a grid outline to put a "virtual grid" in the real world. Our hippocampus constantly processes where we are and our surroundings. All of this allows for us to know where an object is and how to get there, and or us to remember where we were before and to retrace those steps.

TED Talk Name: Why eye-witnesses get it wrong Presenters Name: Scott Fraser Date of Talk: May 2012 Cognitive levels of Psych: Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural practices. Summary: He talked about the unreliability of eye-witness testimony in relation to a murder case he worked on, but also referenced the 9/11 attack. What he does shows that memory can be falsely created especially in an eye-witness testimony, therefore how overall unreliable memory can be. He said that most people remember seeing showing that we fill in information, but also showing how the ability to watch videos of things happening may change our memory. In my opinion, the watching of videos can be seen as a social practice and with this, our memories can be changed to fit the videos in.


 * Jung woo Park**

TED Talk Name: Why eyewitnesses get it wrong? Presenters Name: Scott Fraser Date of Talk: May 2012 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cognitive levels of Psych that are addressed: Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Summary: This TED talk talks about how can the eyewitnesses can get influenced by social and cultural factors, memory, and perceptions. Scott Fraser gives an example with the guy that had to go to prison for the crime that he didn’t do because of the false eyewitness test. This was when a guy got arrested without enough proof and later on with Scoot Fraser’s help; he was proved that he didn’t actually do the incident. Another example of false eyewitness was second crush of the 911. He mentioned that many people said that they saw the picture of the second crush of 911 within a day; however, this was proven to be false eyewitness because there were no pictures about second cras of 911 within a 24 hours.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">TED Talk Name: The riddle of experience vs Memory <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Presenters Name: Daniel Kahneman <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Date of Talk: Feb 2010 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cognitive level of Psych that are addressed: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Summary: In he beginning of this TED talk, Daniel Kahneman talks about music. He says that his friend was listening to glorious music and at the end, there was screeching sound which ruined the whole experiencing the music. He aso says that this is also because of ruined memory. He says that ruined memory lead to the ruined experience. He mainly talks about two sides, which are ‘experiencing selves’ and ‘remembering selves’.The ‘experiencing self’ lives in present and knows the present. Example of experiencing self would be doctor asking people “Does it hurt when I touch here?” And the ‘remembering self’ keeps score and maintains the story of life. Example of remembering self would be doctor asking people “How have you been feeling lately?” He says that the story is based on memory, so that it is contained in remembering self side.


 * Kaede IIzuka**

TED Talk Name: How to learn? From Mistakes Presenters Name: Diana Laufenberg Date of Talk: November 2010 Cognitive levels of Psych that are addressed: Discuss how social or cultural factors affect one cognitive process. Summary: Laufenberg starts off with talking about how her grandmother had to go to school because that is where the information existed; it was in the teachers head, all sources was stored in the school. It was necessary for kids to go to school at that time because that is how they learned. After generations and generations, he needed to move schools to get the information from the teachers head. However, in her generation, she had all the encyclopedia in her house, that she was able to get access to the information right in her house. Laufenberg states that, even though everyone has access to information from books, medias, internet and such, the questions is, do we really learn from it? In order to learn, it is important to give a space or an opportunity for students to fail as a part of a learning process. Now a days, there are cultures that believes that it is important to teach what is the right answer, however; that is the wrong method to tell the students to never be wrong. Laufenberg states that it is not about whether the students can get it perfect or whether what the teacher could create, it is about what we can create for ourselves. Reflecting back on the learning outcome, by given the environment where we can fail, we are able to process the failure and discuss what was done wrong so that we can learn from. Although learning must involve failure because failure is how the process of learning. It is impossible to create a educational system without including experiential learning and accepting failure.

TED Talk Name: Why eyewitness get it wrong? Presenters Name: Scott Fraser Date of Talk: May 2012 Cognitive levels of Psych that are addressed: Summary: With reference to relevant research studies, to what extent is cognitive process is reliable?

Fraser starts off talking with this incident where there was a murder in January 18th 1991 in California. There were 6 teenage boys and dad outside on the street, and the dad got shot by a car that passed by. The police was able to detect the person who killed the father, however; the only evidence that was used to conclude the murderer was by using eyewitness testimony. Fraser than later on explains how human memory is fallible. How human brains can only detect and store one piece of the whole experience that is in front of us. Without being aware, we can and do modify the memory or the information that we Experience. This TED talk reflects back on learning outcome eleven Fraser states that even though we may remember the experience very precisely and accurately, we still reconstruct memory that we have in our brain based on the previous knowledge and stereotype. Which this process, we may create false memory using our previous knowledge, so that it fits our schema. Another example that Fraser used was the incident on 9/11. Most people believe that the first trade tower collapsed and the seconds trade tower collapsed after a hour or two although this is not true; it is a false memory that we have in our brain. This is because there was no media evidence that proved that the second trade tower collapsed until after 24 hours of the event. Although people know that the time between the two towers collapsed was close, the brain gather all the information and produced and condensed creating a reconstructed memory without being aware. Fraser concludes that everyone needs to be aware of the information that we believe in are true because the memories that are stored in the brain are all reconstructed memories.

Jason Kim-

TED Talk Name: Why eyewitnesses get it wrong Presenters Name: Scott Fraser Date of Talk: September 10, 2012 Cognitive levels of Psych that are addressed: discuss with reference to relevant research studies, the extent to which cognitive process is reliable Summary: For every event experienced or witnessed, only bits and pieces of each event is stored. Memory is not photographic. Whenever, an event is recalled the memory has to be reconstructed. It collects the bits and pieces of the event from the different locations of the brain; however, the whole memory cannot be remembered because it wasn't stored. The brain abhors a vacuum so instead it fills up the memory based the the environment or logical reasoning. An example would be the 9/11 event. Most Americans would claim that they saw the second tower collapses only a few hours after the first tower collapsed; however, that is not true. The footage of the second tower collapsing was not released until at least 24 hours after the event. Another example would be a murder case. Around 7pm two teenagers witnessed a car drive by and a murderer shooting their dad out of the car window. When the police gave them a suspect array, both of the identified the same suspect as the murderer. For 21 years the claimed murderer proclaims his innocence and afterwards there was a petition to conduct the trail again. The teenagers and the police report claims that the lighting was good so the murderer's face can be easily identified. However, Scott Fraser, a forensic expert, reconstructed the scene and lighting of the crime scene and showed it to the judge, they found out that it was impossible for the murderer's face to be seen in such bad lighting conditions. Even if the car were stationery, it was still impossible to make out the facial features. The claimed murderer was then set free. This relates to the LO of the extent to which cognitive process is reliable because the case posses how eyewitness testimony can be extremely unreliable even though it is such a weighted evidence. The case shows how reconstructed memories can lead to false memories and sometimes cognitive processes such as recollecting an event that happened needs to be questioned for reliability because memory is not judged on how vivid or how certain we are of it.
 * Helena Kao**

TED Talk Name: Feats of memory anyone can do Presenters Name: Joshua Foer Date of Talk: May 10, 2012 Cognitive levels of Psych that are addressed: evaluate schema theory with reference to research studies Summary: Joshua Foer a journalist witnessed a memory competition where the participants had to remember names of random strangers, the order of a shuffled deck of cards, and random numbers. Initially he was fascinated that people were able to remember such thing and that they must have an innate memorizing ability; however, when he talked to several of the contestants, they all claim to have an average memory. They simply found a way to train their memory. Foer started investigating into this. He found out that a long time ago it was not uncommon for people to invest in their memorization skills for it is how scholars memorize whole books. However, as the technology improved people started relying more on devices than their own memory. Technology has changed people cognitively as well. A case study was done on memory champions. They were placed in an fMRI while memorizing the phonebooks, numbers, etc. Psychologist found that a different part of the brain was activated than the control group. The memory champions used the area of the brain for spacial memory. An example would be the Baker baker paradox. When a person is told "His name is Baker" and another person "His job is a baker", the person who is told that the occupation was "baker" is more likely to remember the word than the name "Baker". It is because Baker means absolutely nothing, while baker would could be connected to bread, to food and other things that we know already beforehand. Schema of the baker is activated so that it is easier for the memory to be recalled later. When remembering things, it is important for information lacking in context into something meaningful so that a schema can be activated to help aid the reconstruction of memory.

Lecy's Summary: TED Talk Name: The mysterious workings of the adolescent brain Presenters Name: Sarah-Jayne Blakemore Date of Talk: Monday, September 17, 2012 Cognitive levels of Psych that are addressed: (do not use # - write out): Perception (acquire knowledge), and Memory (organizing and retain knowledge)). Summary: Ms. Blakemore discusses how structural MRI’s and functional MRI’s show how the adolescent brain develops, specifically the prefrontal cortex. The results of over 9 studies show us that the prefrontal cortex, which is in charge of decision-making, inhibition, and self-awareness, all continue to develop during adolescence and even into a persons early twenties. []

TED Talk Name: Feats of memory anyone can do Presenters Name: Joshua Foer Date of Talk: Thursday, May 10, 2012 Cognitive levels of Psych that are addressed: (do not use # - write out): Memory, Language (Baker & Baker( and Attention are addressed. Summary: Mr. Foer discusses how fantastic feats of memory are achieved. He gives examples and tells us how we can achieve the same. We can do this by finding a way to take information lacking in context and meaning and transforming it in some way so that it is important in your mind. People have been doing this since ancient times. There is evidence of famous Grecians, such as Cicero, using similar memory techniques thousand of years ago.

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